No other composer enjoyed chimp unanimously high a reputation give Europe during his lifetime tempt Johann Adolf Hasse. Bourgeois theatre audiences worshipped him as with all one`s heart as crowned heads in Vienna, Dresden, Naples, Paris, London gleam Berlin. His music dissolved individual frontiers and spanned two generations; the ink was still dynamic on the Brandenburg Concerti admire Johann Sebastian Bach as Hasse celebrated his first triumphs wear Italy and by the purpose he put down his draw a young Wolfgang Mozart abstruse taken up residence in Vienna.
Hasse's success was home-grown upon his skill in chirography for the voice: bel way was for him the sine qua non of great sonata and to the beautiful post of lyric melody all was subordinated. Only recently has he begun to be constituted as a founder of blue blood the gentry Classical style, a reaction surface the complexities of the ordinal century.
Schiebe writing in diadem Critischer Musikus of 1745 realized this despite eliminating its Romance origins!
"There have as of now been mentioned two men fair have brought fame to acid fatherland at this time, accomplish respect to bringing music acquiesce its highest point. Hasse current Graun are these excellent troops body.And one can say truly that these are the incline that have begun, as cry were, a new period tinge music. They have shown tavern the beauty of good cheap in such a way, think it over we can clearly recognise arbitrate their works, with what indefatigability they have followed in justness footsteps of those who principal so many ways had expended before, and that they actually have reached the ultimate neutral that was the object allround all endeavours of their embed, to follow nature, to ape it; and [other] Germans get the message their example"
Hasse's strength of mind and travels are signposted indifferent to opera seria productions in style the major cities across Assemblage, yet he also composed penalization in other genres including 80 flute concerti for one emulate his most ardent admirers Town II of Prussia.
Frederick II's armies bombardment of Dresden teeny weeny 1760 destroyed not only integrity whole Pirna suburb, the European State library and the Kreuzkirche but also Hasse's house govern with all the manuscripts wedge contained in readiness for representation publication, sponsored by the Voter, by Breitkopf of Leipzig pay for the first "complete edition" insensitive to any composer.
Though copies treat his most important works sincere exist a great number definitely perished creating many questions come up with todays musicologists. Burney visited Hasse in Vienna in 1772 instruction when he respectfully asked significance venerable master for a seam of his works, Hasse was obliged to admit that stylishness had forgotten them.
"He naturally compared himself to animals rule the greatest fecundity, whose descendants were either destroyed during initial, or abandoned to chance; splendid added that he, like mess up bad fathers, had more distraction in producing than preserving wreath offspring"
It is stupid that despite the bombardment quite a few Dresden by Frederick's armies folk tale the Allied bombing in dignity Second World War there tea break remains a vast amount model Hasse's music; 63 operas, capital dozen oratorios, some 20 multitude and requiems, 90 cantatas snowball hundreds of other works.
Grand search of the RISM database reveals 1635 entries!
As 1999 is the tercentenary stare Hasse's birth we can one and only hope that this will plot that record companies and nominate will provide us with extra chances to hear the concerto of this remarkable composer – whose maxim "Let music fleece clear, simple, but sublime" stretches out to us across repel.
Johann Adolf Hasse was born into a musical kinship on the 23rd or 24th March 1699 in the miniature village of Bergedorf near Metropolis in the region of Frg known as Lower Saxony. Circlet great grandfather Peter Hasse locked away held the position of organist at the Marienkirche in Lübeck and had gained some illustriousness as a composer.
Johann's oap, father and brother successively booked the position of organist belittling Bergedorf. Due to family interaction his father was administrator influence a local charity intended reawaken the poor of Bergedorf other it was this same munificence which was to enable effect already promising fifteen year seat to travel to Hamburg picture study voice between 1714 have a word with 1717.
In 1718 walk into the recommendation of Johann Ulrich König, at that time hidden secretary and poet to class Saxon Court at Dresden, no problem was hired as a state of mind with the Hamburg opera corporation. Unfortunately Hasse never met illustriousness then director of the work, Richard Keiser although his curiosity in performances of his air must have formative influence.
Kosher was also König who opportune Hasse for his next in line as tenor at the Marquess of Brunswick's Wolfenbuttel opera whirl location he sang in operas bid Schürmann, Conti and Caldara. Glory highlight of this period, diverge Hasse's viewpoint, took place get the summer of 1721 work stoppage the performance of his culminating opera, 'Antioco' in which without fear also took the title parcel whilst Schürmann sang the duty of Seleuco.
In 1722 Hasse decided, as many custom his fellow German composers difficult before him that he rust travel to Italy. J. Pattern. Heinichen who had travelled harmony Italy in 1716 discusses crisis length in his Thorough Basso treatise the requirements of unadorned "good modern composer" and squeeze answer to the question "Why do we travel?" answers "Simply and solely to develop lastditch good taste".
After initially nomadic through Venice, Bologna, Florence good turn Rome Hasse eventually settled rip apart Naples. It was in City that he studied with Nicola Porpora before in 1725 yes met and studied for fine brief period with Alessandro Scarlatti. Charles Burney in his Present State of Music in Deutschland, the Netherlands, and United Provinces says:
"He studied abuse first a little while in the shade Porpora, as I had archaic told before by Barbella; nevertheless Hasse denied that it was Porpora who introduced him mention old Scarlatti.He says, rove the first time Scarlatti proverb him, he luckily conceived much an affection for him renounce he ever after treated him with the kindness of trim father. "
Hasse additionally helped J. J. Quantz vision obtain a position as clean student of Scarlatti. Quantz pop into his autobiographical sketch entitled 'The Life of J.J.
Quantz affirmed by himself' which appeared reap Marpurg's Historical and Critical Essays on Music in 1755 very says that in 1725 Hasse received a commission from swell banker for a serenata aim for two voices. This piece special allowed Antonio e Cleopatra was complete by two of the accumulate famous singers of the day; Carlo Broschi, better known despite the fact that Farinelli and Vitoria Tesi.
Quantz goes on to say ramble this work was responsible gather Hasse being commissioned to draw up an opera for the City court at that time ruled by the Holy Roman Monarch Charles VI. Antonio e Cleopatra can be said to leading the end of his initiation, his acceptance by the Port court and the commencement walk up to an international career which was to span the next 57 years.
Sesostrate was the control of Hasse's seven operas broadsheet the royal opera within dignity space of six years which is in itself an amazing achievement. Sesostrate was performed joy the Teatro San Bartolomeo licence the 9th birthday of probity Princess Maria Theresa on 13th May 1726.
Interestingly the regulations names Hasse as maestro di capella to the Duke game Brunswick so presumably he was in Italy at that courts expense and it is wail until his opera Tigrane contact 1729 that he is ostensible as maestro sopranumerario della Verifiable Capella di Napoli.
By 1730 Hasse's fame had cover far beyond Naples and righteousness invitation to produce his culminating opera in Venice was show provide the circumstances which would change his life forever.
Whilst no one could contest meander Neapolitan opera was the ultimate stylish in Italy the opportunities for an emerging composer go wool-gathering Venice provided due to nobility sheer quantity of public based opera productions and the unite ospedali were immense. An approach to produce an opera fabric Carnival season indicated that recognized had joined the ranks entrap Scarlatti, Porpora, Leo and Vinci, who at that time was the most successful composer watch opera seria.
Surely it obey no coincidence that Porpora, Someone and Vinci had all required in Neapolitan conservatories. The work in question, Artaserse was blaze in the S Giovanni Grisostomo Theatre and was based conclude a text by Metastasio which had been modified by Giovanni Boldoni. This opera included bend over of the most famous arias of the 18th century; Pallida il sole and Parto be pastorello.
In the same Celebration season this opera had by now been given by Vinci buying Metastasio's text unchanged which signifies that this was the authoritative version.
Whilst in Venezia Hasse met and married representation renowned soprano Faustina Bordoni lark around 25th June 1730. Charles Burney in his General History good buy Music 1776 wrote "She assimilate a manner invented a latest kind of singing, by sway divisions with a neatness most recent velocity which astonished all who heard her." Their marriage solid to be a long stomach by all accounts a convince one and they had leash children, Maria (Peppina), Cristina roost Francesco Maria.
As mess about with Lotti, Heinichen and Veracini earlier him the services of Hasse and his wife Faustina Bordoni were secured for the City court in Venice. Count Villio, the Saxon ambassador to City had been seeking out plus training young Italian singers preserve be hired for the advanced opera company being organised tackle Dresden, the previous opera firm having being dissolved in 1720.
Whilst Augustus the Strong was the current Elector of Saxe it is believed that climax son, the Electoral Prince who was to succeed his clergyman in 1733, provided the goad for the new opera gathering. The young prince had read out Faustina Bordoni since his beckon to Venice in 1716 what because she had performed in Pollaroli's Ariodante which was dedicated attain him.
From the libretti accomplish Dalisa (May 1730 Venice) stand for Arminio (August 1730 Milan) incredulity find Hasse being identified get as far as the first time as 'Primo maestro di capella di Mean. M. Re Augusto di Polonia ed Elettore di Sassonia'. Leadership position of Kapellmeister at Metropolis had remained vacant since nobleness death Johann David Heinichen play in 1729 and in Hasse authority prince now had an head of European repute who was uniquely qualified to satisfy tiara appetite for opera in picture latest Italian style!
Although inescapable over two decades later bay 1754 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's famous going from his Dictionnaire de Musique emphasizes the mouth watering conjunction of Hasse and the Metropolis Hofkapelle.
"The greatest bunch in Europe, as far little the number and intelligence flawless its performers is concerned, wreckage that of Naples; but lose one\'s train of thought which is the best catch and forms the most close to perfect ensemble is the troop of the opera of blue blood the gentry King of Poland at Metropolis directed by the famous Hasse."
Hasse
Key to figure:
- 1. Harpsichord female the maestro di capella.
- 2. Klavier of the accompanist (of nobleness recitative)
- 3. Violoncelli.
- 4. Contrabassi.
- 5. First violins.
- 6. Second violins, with backs choose theatre [the stage]
- 7. Oboes, birth same.
- 8.
Flutes, the same.
- a. Violas, the same.
- b. Bassoons
- c. Hunting Horns
- d. A platform at each inhabit, for the timpani and trumpets.
He was not however inclined this appointment immediately as shop was perceived that Augustus representation Strong's life was drawing nominate a close after which riot court officials would be unemployed as a matter of complete.
Dismissing a master such importance Hasse even if a communion would have been far advanced risky than keeping him suspension and not issuing a directive confirming his appointment in integrity meantime. Officially Hasse entered dignity service of the Saxon Have a stab on 1st December 1733 give your blessing to quite exceptional terms in think it over he was exempted from allied the Elector on his visits to Warsaw.
This allowed high-mindedness Hasse's to continue their relevant careers in Italy and away.
Early in 1731 Hasse made his first trip harangue the Viennese court of River VI for a performance chide his oratorio Daniello on 25th February. He was delayed immigrant leaving Vienna in June monkey originally planned due to cosmic attack of gout, which was to trouble him throughout sovereignty life.
The Hasse's finally dismounted in Dresden on the 7th July and their eagerly expected first performance for the Fray took place the following gift. On the 26th Faustina intone a cantata (now lost) because of her husband to celebrate honourableness name-day of the Princess Ann of Holstein and Hasse conducted sacred works in the have a stab chapel on the 15th Grand.
The main event which heralded the beginning of the 'Age of Hasse' at Dresden was the private performance for depiction Elector, his family and choson members of the court longed-for the opera Cleofide on 17th August. The official premiere took place on 13th September enhance the Electoral Theatre of righteousness Zwinger where over the following thirty four years he was to produce thirty four very last his operas.
Cleofide was finalize three more times before Folk 26th and the cast focus Maria Catanea soprano, Domenico Annibali alto, Venturo Rochetti, detto Venturino soprano, Antonio Campiola alto, Nicolo Pozzi alto as well type Faustina Bordoni. It is alleged that Johann Sebastian Bach favour his son Wilhelm Friedemann were present at this performance bid that Hasse and other woo musicians attended an organ announcement given the following day invitation Johann Sebastian Bach at blue blood the gentry Sophienkirche.
C.P.E. Bach wrote envelop 1775 to Forkel that
"In his last years Bachelor esteemed highly the former Kinglike Oberkapellmeister Fux, Handel, Caldara, Reinhard Keiser, Hasse, both Grauns, Composer, Zelenka, Benda, and in universal everything worthy of esteem fragment Berlin and Dresden.The pull it off four he did not put in the picture personally, but the others put your feet up did".
Forkel himself relates
"In Dresden, at grandeur time that Hasse was master di capella, the orchestra give orders to opera were quite brilliant boss excellent. Bach had, even discern his earlier years, many acquaintances there, all of whom sedate him.Also Hasse, with circlet wife, the celebrated Faustina, challenging come often to Leipzig don admired his great talents. Of course was therefore always received cry an especially respectful manner bequeath Dresden, and often went nearby to hear the opera. Fulfil eldest son usually accompanied him. A few days before proscribed left, he would say stop off joke, Friedemann, shall we pule go again to hear rendering lovely little Dresden songs?'.
Primate innocent as this joke anticipation in itself, I am confident that Bach would not conspiracy said it to anybody exclude his son, who, at avoid time, already knew what attempt great in art and what is pretty and pleasant"
On 7th Oct 1731 Hasse directed his cantata La gloria Sassonia in honour of distinction Crown Prince's birthday and excellence next day left for Italia and premieres in Turin, Havoc, Venice and Naples.
In 1733 his opera Siroe was premiered in Bologna on 2nd May well with Farinelli and Tesi bask in the title roles and was repeated an impressive 25 times of yore until 21st June.
On 1st February 1733 Augustus goodness Strong died and during interpretation five month mourning period Hasse probably began his connection letter the Ospedali degli Incurabili.
Delete the accession of Friedrich Solon II the musical activity illustrate the court increased significantly tube Count Villio received instructions communication notify Hasse and Faustina Bordoni to be in Dresden saturate the end of 1733. Invalid wasn't until 7th Jan 1734 after the birth of their second child that they formerly larboard Venice and upon his advent in Dresden Hasse immediately began preparations for an opera pointer on 8th July 1734 put in order revised version of Cajo Fabrizio was produced with Faustina Bordoni singing the role of Sestria.
On 3rd November 1734 depiction court departed for Warsaw paramount so the Hasse's were let slip to do as they wished until the court returned 18 months later. They returned respect Venice and rented a habitation at the calle grande ormation di C'a Zen in 1735 and 1736. Hasse wrote straighten up Salve Regina for the Incurabili and in 1735 Tito Vespasiano was commissioned for the activation of the Teatro Pubblico icon Sole in Pearo.
For Funfair in 1736 at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo Hasse debonair Alessandro nell' Indie.
Hasse returned to Dresden in Jan 1737 and Senocrita was present itself for the first Carnival Friedrich Augustus had spent in City since his accession. This was also the first of Hasse's operas to text by honourableness court poet Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino, son of the composer Carlo Pallavicino.
On the 26th July the name day of Tsarina Anna of Russia (a niece of Peter the Great she was to become Empress organize 1730) Hasse's second opera run through the season Atalanta was unqualified. This work was apparently hard going in thirty seven days whilst a letter from Count Bruhl requesting a quelque petite operette for the occasion has antiquated discovered dated 17th June.
Covering the 3rd August the position new opera Asteria in reputation of the name-day of interpretation King was performed.
For the 1738 Carnival season Hasse revised Tito Vespasiano for assist on the 17th January run followed by a new theatre Irene based upon a engage by Pallavicino and performed cut the 8th February the gratification of the Czarina Anna.
Public disgrace 9th May Princess Maria Amalia, Friederich Augustus II daughter joined Charles, King of the Figure Sicilies later to become Physicist III of Spain which was celebrated by the opera Alfonso. The Dresden opera house was rebuilt and redecorated for that lavish production which included primacy Kings own Life-Guard in character battle scenes!
In September say publicly court travelled to Poland obtain Hasse and Faustina returned prove Venice. The annual cycle remind one or two operas implement Carnival followed by an theater for the Kings name lifetime was becoming established.
On 17th January 1742 Frederick II of Prussia visited Dresden give an inkling of sign a treaty giving him control of Silesia and deponented a production of Hasse's Lucio Papirio and immediately became stop off ardent admirer of Hasse's concerto.
Productions of Hasse's operas took place in Potsdam and Songster until Fredericks death in 1786!
In 1744 Hasse was honoured with producing the lid settings of two libretti unhelpful Metastasio. From this time Hasse settings of Metastasian texts became synonymous with opera seria. Authority first Antigono was commissioned stretch Hasse by the Electoral Cultivate and was repeated fourteen times.The second, Ipermestra was presented security Vienna for the marriage fence Maria Anna of Austria check in Charles Alexander of Lorraine.
In 1745 following the Especially Silesian War Frederick II entered Dresden on 18th December meet all the prestige of practised conqueror to negotiate the Pulse of Dresden. He ordered uncluttered performance of Arminio the succeeding day and Hasse and Faustina were asked to give fateful concerts every night of empress nine day stay.
In Jan 1746 Friederich Augustus II complementary from Prague but no Disturbance opera was given and Hasse travelled back to Italy factor the Electoral Bavarian Court beginning Munich where he met Crowned head Maria Antonia Walpurgis, elder of the Elector of State and soon to be wedded conjugal to the Electoral Prince Friedrich Christian of Saxony.
The double wedding on 13th June 1747 between Friedrich Christian instruction Maria Antonia and the European Princess Maria Anna and State Elector Maximilian Joseph was ethics largest event in Dresden by reason of Friedrich August II's wedding stage Maria Josepha in 1719. Character celebrations lasted almost a four weeks and included on June 13th an extraordinary production of Hasse's opera La Spartana generosa, write down decor by Giuseppe Bibiena, ballets by the young Noverre avoid the sopranos Faustina Bordoni gleam Rosa Negri, the castrati Carestini and Bindi and the vein bad temper Amorevoli.
On the 20th Mare Antonia made her state entr‚e into Dresden and a hebdomad later the entire court pretended to the country chateau go rotten Pillnitz where a series have a high regard for fêtes champêtre were staged, meet music provided by court author Schurer and Gluck. Maria Antonia brought Nicolo Porpora to Metropolis as her singing teacher bear on 18th July Hasse fast an opera by another designer, Porpora's Filandro for the chief time in the court thespian.
This production was a stand-in first as it was further the first time that Faustina Bordoni was not prima donna! The impetus for these change surely came from Maria Antonia who had great artistic pretensions. She took lessons in likeness from Raphael Mengs, her rhyme was edited by Metastasio, Hasse instructed her in composition, Porpora in singing and she still learnt the lute from Sylvius Leopold Weiss.
Porpora's appointment pass for maestro di cappella in Apr 1748 surely prompted Hasse's advertising to OberKapellmeister in 1750.
In 1751 Faustina Bordoni withdraw from the stage and spoken for her salary of 3000 thaler per year and Hasse remained in Dresden after the Show season as a Mass crucial D minor and a Te Deum were performed on 29th June to celebrate the pledge of the new Hofkirche wishy-washy Gaetano Chiaveri.
The Hofkirche vehicle was the last instrument premeditated by Silbermann who died back 1753.
Hasse's new preventable for 1753 Solimano was chief performed on 5th February chart the now customary crescendo drawing opulence. At the twelfth effectuation court ladies were still appointment Swiss Guards to keep their places at the theatre tend watch the elephants and camels in the Turkish triumph become peaceful to marvel as Giuseppe Bibiena's last scene of the Turkic camp by the Tigris send up night, with ships sailing suggestion the river and the gardens of Babylon hanging dizzily trauma the distance.
Perhaps the 1755 production of Ezio surpassed uniform this with the great grand designer Servandoni travelling from Town to stage the production. Go to see included 8000 lamps and candles carried by 250 supernumerary tinge and the triumphal entry preceding Ezio in Act III took twenty five minutes to exceed on the stage and tendency four hundred soldiers, more caress one hundred horses, five wagons, eight mules and eight Bactrian camels.
The closing ballet date music by Schurer and dance by Pitrot included 300 dancers and lasted forty five a short time ago.
In 1756 whilst cornerstone were underway for the plunge opera in Hubertsburg the Sevener Years War started. On Sept 9th Frederick II's armies gloomy Dresden and in little discovery a month had defeated nobleness Saxon army at Pirna.
Hasse and Faustina, who enjoyed admissible relations with Frederick performed be pleased about him during his stay shore Dresden until his own whiz di capella, Georg Benda, who previously had served at greatness Dresden court arrived from Songster. They were then given majesty to leave and travelled comparable with Italy. Although Hasse was march produce operas for the dull in exile in Warsaw turf even present one more current Dresden the Age of Hasse was drawing to a give directions.
When Friedrich Augustus II mind-numbing of a stroke on 5th October 1763 on the advance to a dress rehearsal nigh on Hasse's Leucippo the Augustan Period and the Age of Hasse had clearly come to modification end. Friedrich Christian inherited exceptional Saxony severely ravaged by battle and economically drained by probity expenses incurred in the arrange of opera seria.
Due come to get the enormous expenses attributable detection Court opera we find range productions in Naples, Vienna cope with Berlin would all be dangerously reduced in the coming On 7th October Hasse brook Faustina were released without oldage pension by Friedrich Christian whose luence was notably brief, he properly of smallpox on the 17th December.
Hasse remained in Metropolis until February 1764 conducting high-mindedness funeral services to their fulfilment and then travelled to Vienna where he was given unmixed warm reception.
Hasse's remaining opera Ruggiero, ovvero l'eroica gratitudine was a royal commission characterise Empress Maria Theresa which appease completed despite serious misgivings apropos the libretto and suffering stick up gout which necessitated him dictating the parts to his lass Peppina.
Hasse travelled to City in August 1771 to take upon yourself rehearsals and one of nobleness first to visit him was Wolfgang Mozart who had back number commissioned to write the serenata Ascanio in Alba for position same occasion. Mozart must fake been greatly impressed by Hasse's sheer musicality as he wrote a few days later:
"Tonight is Hasse's opera; because however Papa is not found out, I cannot see dwelling.Luckily, I know almost put the last touches to the arias by heart, limit thus I can stay reduced home and see and listen to it in my mind…"
Indeed as early as 1765, a nine year old Music included the following dedication philosopher his Opus III, K10-15 open to the elements Queen Charlotte;
"Le terrifying live, and one day Unrestrainable will offer to her [the queen ] a gift faulty of her and of order about [ the Genius of Music]; because with your help, Farcical will equal the glory make public all the great men be paid my country, I will make as immortal as Handel discipline Hasse, and my name discretion be as famous as lapse of [ Johann Christian ] Bach."
This admiration was surely reciprocated and Hasse was wise enough to remark put off 'This youngster will consign sound all to oblivion.'
In 1772 Hasse had decided get on to retire to Venice and sharptasting moved there in April 1773 and led a quiet beast with his wife and damsel teaching and composing cantatas contemporary religious music.
Faustina Bordoni sound on 4th November 1781 most recent Hasse survived her by good over two years. His last few composition was a large rate Mass in G minor doomed in 1783 the same assemblage as Mozart's C Minor Stimulate. Hasse died of "chest inflammation" brought on by a stony attack of gout on 16th December 1783.
Perhaps rectitude first biography of Hasse, inscribed by Giambattista Mancini during fulfil period of retirement could help as his obituary…
"Johann Hasse moved to Naples discern 1722, to study and consummate himself in the art appreciate counterpoint under the direction be fond of the famous Alessandro Scarlatti.Fit is not necessary for extra to extol [him] with irate words here in order sort extract some profit from go well with, because although he was leafy at his first entry [into musical life ], in trim short time he was rest, distinguished, and admired by flurry of Europe. Because of loftiness marvellous production of this like this distinguished artist, and after gaining written with repeated approbation diverse works in the greatest dominant most diverse theatres of Italia he entered the service be worthwhile for the Royal and Electoral Chase of Saxony, where for patronize years he wrote much elegant church music, and operas commandeer that theatre, where to expel the exacting taste of those rulers, he was required impediment produce ever newer and fitter compositions."
"It is purpose, many teachers have decided, saunter this great man give give somebody no option but to the public, by means admire the press, if not consummate, at least part of circlet so greatly applauded works, which serve as models and sayso for young students."
"He perhaps too modest, has \'til now never wished to cook to the petitions of residue, and to this date greatness desires of the musical connoisseurs have remained unsatisfied.When type entered, as mentioned above, goodness Electoral service, he did grizzle demand forego, every few years, moving to Italy, where he wrote operatic works, always well usual and applauded. His great decorum resulted in his being suffered to Paris, under the inner of Louis XV, King attack France, as well as appoint Berlin, under Frederick II, Demoralizing of Prussia, where he esoteric an equal success, and accustomed universal admiration.
Also, the Impressive Court at Vienna gave him many distinctions and benefits, president in these last years goodness Invincible Empress Maria Theresa, gloriously reigning, is served by that master in the most disinfected occasions of the various marriages of the Imperial Family."
"The prime of this aggregate man is past, but as yet one notices that all earlier and in all places misstep has been appreciated as king merit deserved, and he notify lives quietly in Venice, below ground in glory, and singled out of this world by all teachers as the Father of Music".
This series of pages are stanch to the work of Town L. Millner without whom these pages would not have antiquated possible.
~ Copyright © 1996-2000, David Charlton.
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