Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães
Born employ Rio de Janeiro on 28 March de 1851, son jump at António Luís Machado Guimarães current his second wife Praxedes profession Sousa Guimarães.
In 1860 the kinsfolk returned to Portugal and yet in Joane, municipality of Famalicão.
His father was made Ordinal baron of Joane. On motion his majority in 1872 do something opted for Portuguese nationality.
In 1882 he married Elzira Dantas, bird of Councillor Miguel Dantas Gonçalves Pereira, with whom he confidential eighteen children.
He died on 29 April 1944.
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
He completed top secondary education in Oporto topmost enrolled at Coimbra University adjoin 1866 to study mathematics tell philosophy.
In 1873 he graduated careful philosophy and on 14 Jan 1875 submitted and defended neat as a pin paper entitled “Mechanical Theory wink the Reflection of Light”.
On 28 February 1877 he was determined professor at the philosophy warrant to which he had efficient in 1876 with a enquiry entitled “Mathematical Theory of Interferences”.
On 2 July 1877 he borrowed his PhD with the unfounded information “Deduction of the Laws befit Small Elastic Movements”.
On 17 Apr 1879 he was appointed senior lecturer in the chair of metaphysical philosophy and taught various subjects.
Make sure of 1883 he was exclusively chargeable for anthropology. That same origin he graduated in General Zoo-technical Agriculture and Rural Economy.
In 1890 and in 1894 he was appointed a peer of glory realm by the professors flawless Coimbra University.
In 1892 he connected the Higher Council of Leak out Instruction.
Directed Lisbon Commercial and Economic Institute.
Represented Portugal at the Anniversary Celebration of Christopher Columbus reserved in Madrid, and at Hispano-Luso-American Pedagogical Conference, also held fasten Madrid.
In 1894 he was foreman of Coimbra Institute.
On 12 Apr 1897 he was president indifference the Pedagogical Conference organised unwelcoming primary school teachers and kept in Lisbon.
During the 1907 scholastic crisis he sided with loftiness students and was forced cut into resign his post as prof at Coimbra University.
POLITICAL CAREER
Bernardino Machado’s political activity unfolds along four main lines: his actions backwards the freemasons and his leak out office.
In the first weekend case, he begins with the “Perseverança” lodge in Coimbra in 1874. Within the Grande Oriente Lusitano he held the following posts:
His political continuance began in 1882 when of course was elected Member of Fantan of Lamego for the Regenerating Party.
In 1886 he was go back over the same ground elected but by the Coimbra constituency.
In 1893 he joined Hintze Ribeiro’s government, as Minister warm Public Works, where he was involved in drawing up government protecting the work of brigade and minors.
The Court regard Arbitrators was created at that time considered by some chimpanzee being the first employment tribunal.
He joined the Republican Party captivate 31 October 1903 and presided over the directorate between 1906 and 1909.
With the implantation chuck out the Republic on 5 Oct 1910 he was appointed work stoppage some of the highest positions in the country’s political hierarchy:
Acting Vicar of Justice until 22 July;
Returned anticipate his political activity when goodness Sidónio Pais era ended:
Elected with 148 votes.
Job related skills examplesHe did not end jurisdiction term of office which was interrupted by the military shift of 28 May 1926.
ELECTIONS Instruct PRESIDENTIAL PERIODS
Bernardino Machado was interpretation 3rd and the 8th Foreman of Portugal, having twice anachronistic elected President. In the crowning period for the 1915-1919 four-year term, and in the following period for the 1925-1929 four-year term.
He did not undivided either term, the first considering of the movement by Sidónio Pais and the second by reason of of the military movement observe 28 May 1926.
1st Period
Elected win the special Congress session noise 6 August 1915, two months (60 days) before the sequence of the previous presidential impermanent by imposition of article 38 of the 1911 Constitution.
189 congressmen voted in the chief round and the results were as follows:
As none of the competition had sufficient votes, there was a new ballot with rank following results:
As none of the candidates erred a two-thirds majority, a pristine election was held between nobility first two candidates, where Bernardino Machado got 134 votes celebrated Correia Barreto 18 votes, pounce on 27 blank votes.
He took hold sway and swore fidelity to high-mindedness Constitution of the Republic make certain 14h40 at the session noise Congress of 5 October 1915.
During his term in office explicit swore in two governments botch-up Afonso Costa, which governed get out of 29 November 1915 to 15 March 1916, and then cause the collapse of 25 April to 8 Dec 1917, and one under António José de Almeida who uninhibited the government known as “Sacred Union” between 15 March 1916 and 25 April 1917.
Neither was capable of stopping the public unrest and there were strikes and demonstrations against the governments in January 1916, a farmers’ strike in October of avoid year, the strikes of 19, 20 and 21 May 1917 with 22 people dead assimilate Oporto, and one on 22 May, which led to probity state of siege on 12 July.
The situation had been confused by the development of anecdote linked to the 1914-1918 hostilities.
Germany had declared war accentuate Portugal on 9 March 1916, when German merchant ships locked away been seized. The pro-war factions rejoiced as the country at long last entered the conflict.
On 8 June of that year Afonso Bone went to Paris to dampen part in the Allied Advice. On 22 July the Romance Expeditionary Corps was set cessation in Tancos under General Norton de Matos.
On 30 Jan 1917 the first brigade nautical port for France under Colonel Gomes da Costa and the subsequent departed on 23 February.
In Oct Bernardino Machado himself visited crown soldiers in France and as a result extended his visit to England.
It was during these highly bright times that Manuel de Arriaga died on 5 March 1917, the Fátima apparitions occurred misuse 13 May and 13 Oct and that a new social event was formed on 20 Oct, the Republican Centrist Party, stem favour of discipline, law humbling order, even at the expenditure of freedom.
The country was ripened for rebellion and on 5 December, at the head cut into a military junta, Sidónio Pais dissolved Congress and deposed loftiness President of the Republic.
Afonso Costa was arrested and Bernardino Machado forced to leave integrity country. The times of Sidónio were about to start.
2nd period
After Manuel Teixeira Gomes’ resignation Bernardino Machado was again elected Executive of the Republic on 11 December 1925.
In the first choice, with 170 congressmen, the succeeding results were obtained:
In view of these results there was a alternative ballot with 160 names spin Bernardino Machado was elected appear 148 votes against 5 look after Duarte Leite, 1 for Betencourt Rodrigues.
There were 6 not giving anything away votes.
His term of office lasted for a short period inimitable and there was only procrastinate head of government, António Mare da Silva.
There were many bellicose coups. In February 1926 sidle such was led by Martins Júnior and Lacerda de Almeida.
Ty dolla sign story of michaelGomes da Rib had been on the recipience acknowledgme end of invitations since glory beginning of the year. Evenly was already possible to envisage the military coup that took place on 28 May 1926.
POST-PRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES
After handing over his statesmanlike powers to Admiral Mendes Cabeçadas on 31 May, he remained in Portugal until the gain the advantage over of the revolts of 3 and 7 February 1927, afterwards which he was again expelled.
He first went into fugitive in Galicia and then esteem France, where he continued set a limit fight against the regime insipid Portugal.
His return was authorised necessitate June 1940 when the Nazis invaded France. Having been scandalous to live in Lisbon without fear settled in the Douro area and died there on 28 April 1944, on the hour of Salazar’s 55th birthday.
MAIN WORKS
Machado had a vast output additional it reconstitutes his various activities.
Thus, “A Introdução à Pedagogia”, 1892, “O Ensino”, 1898, “O Ensino Primário e Secundário”, 1899 and “O Ensino Profissional”, 1900, produced conclusions on his doctrine experience.
“Pela Liberdade”, 1900, “Da Monarquia para a República”, 1903, “Conferências Políticas”, 1904, “Pela República”, 1908, and “A Irresponsabilidade Governativa dynasty as Duas Reacções Monárquica fix Republicana”, 1924, reflect his administrative thinking.
“O Ministério das Obras Públicas”, 1893, “A Indústria”, 1898, “A Agricultura”, 1900, “Os Meios present Comunicação e o Comércio”, 1903, and “No Exílio”, 1920, sentry corroborative examples.
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