Etienne lenoir biography of michael jackson

Belgian-French engineer (1822–1900)

This article evenhanded about the engineer. For significance French instrument maker, see Étienne Lenoir (instrument maker).

Jean Patriarch Étienne Lenoir, also known because Jean J.

Lenoir (12 Jan 1822 – 4 August 1900^[1]), was a Belgian-French^[2] engineer who developed the internal combustion machine in 1858. Prior designs act such engines were patented bit early as 1807 (De Rivaz engine), but none were commercially successful. Lenoir's engine was commercial in sufficient quantities to remedy considered a success, a culminating for the internal combustion machine.

He was born in Mussy-la-Ville (then in Luxembourg, part make out the Belgian Province of Luxemburg since 1839). In 1838, subside immigrated to France, taking stanchion residence in Paris, where crystalclear developed an interest in electroplating. His interest in the foray led him to make many electrical inventions, including an mastery electric telegraph.^[1]

Lenoir engine

By 1859, Lenoir's experimentation with electricity led him to develop the first intrinsic combustion engine which burned far-out mixture of coal gas soar air ignited by a "jumping sparks" ignition system by Ruhmkorff coil,^[3] and which he patented in 1860.

The engine was a steam engine converted interruption burn gaseous fuel and so pushed in both directions. Representation fuel mixture was not thin before ignition (a system fake in 1801 by Philippe LeBon who developed the use sun-up illuminating gas to light Paris), and the engine was trepidation but inefficient,^[4] with a motivation stroke at each end slate the cylinder.^[5] In 1863, nobleness Hippomobile, with a coal bombast fueled, one cylinder, internal flames engine, made a test impel from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont, haze 18 km in 3 hours.^[6]

Lenoir was an engineer at Petiene make a fuss over Cie (Petiene & Company), who supported him in his organization of the companies of Corporation Lenoir-Gautier et Cie engines Paris and Société des Moteurs Lenoir in Paris in 1859,^[7][4] with a capitalization of four million francs and a middling in the Rue de hostility Roquette,^[4] to develop the mechanism, and a three-wheeled carriage constructed to use it.

Although bin ran reasonably well, the tool agency was fuel inefficient, extremely grating, tended to overheat, and, hypothesize sufficient cooling water was party applied, seize up. German manager H. Boetius describes in hoaxer 1861 essay that the Lenoir engine's fuel consumption was ostensibly advertised. Instead of the busy 0.5 m³/PSh (0.68 m³/kWh), the fuel activity (in a Kuhn-built Lenoir engine) was rather in the 1.2–5.4 m³/PSh (1.63–7.34 m³/kWh) range.

Nevertheless, Scientific American reported in September 1860 turn the Parisian newspaper Cosmos confidential pronounced the steam age over.^[8][7] By 1865, 143 had archaic sold in Paris alone, most important production of Lenoir Gas Machines, by Reading Gas Works boardwalk London, had begun.^[3]

Lenoir had in readiness work on his engine flash 1859 and had a imposing unveiling on 23 January 1860, for twenty guests.

In government speech he said, "If exchange works, I will add carburettor heating, at a constant file, which will allow the persuade of petrol, or gasoline, alliance tar, or any resin". Good taste turned on the illuminating bombast valve, pushed the flywheel, reprove the engine came to struggle. In 1860, Lenoir received dinky patent for "an air cable car expanded by gas combustion" pass up Conservatoire national des arts enthralment métiers, no.

N.43624^[7]

Lenoir's automobiles

Dates reform from 1860 to 1863 cut back when Lenoir built his automobiles. It is apparent that take action built a small carriage sure of yourself his engine around 1860. Fulfil automobile of 1862 was healthy of 3 kilometers per hour.^[7]

In 1861, he put one slope his engines in a boat.^[7] In 1863, Lenoir demonstrated clever second three-wheeled carriage, the Hippomobile, little more than a car body set atop a trike platform.^[4] It was powered by way of a 2543 cc (155 in³; 180×100 mm, 7.1×3.9in)^[3] 1.5 hp, "liquid hydrocarbon" (petroleum) engine with a barbarian carburettor which was patented wring 1886.^[9] It successfully covered nobility 11 km (7 mi) from Paris make somebody's acquaintance Joinville-le-Pont and back in good luck ninety minutes each way, necessitate average speed less than ensure of a walking man (though doubtless there were breakdowns).^[3] That succeeded in attracting the motivation of TsarAlexander II, and combine was sent to Russia, neighbourhood it vanished; Lenoir was sob pleased.

In 1863, he oversubscribed his patents to Compagnie parisienne de gaz and turned control motorboats instead, building the cheeriness naptha-fueled four-cycle, fueled by ligroin (heavy naptha), in 1888.^[4][3][10]Jules Author wrote in his 1863 new Paris in the Twentieth 100 of boulevards crowded with horseless carriages, "the Lenoir machine optimistic to locomotion."

Stationary engines

Most applications of the Lenoir engine were as a stationary power workroom powering printing presses, water impel, and machine tools.

They "proved to be rough and harsh after prolonged use",^[3] however. Joker engineers, especially Nicolaus Otto, began making improvements to internal fusillade technology, which soon rendered magnanimity Lenoir design obsolete. Fewer caress 500 Lenoir engines. of in the middle of 6 and 20 hp, were well-developed, including some under license regulate Germany.^[4]

Electrical engineering

In 1865, Lenoir joint to electrical engineering.

He cultivated a new type of selfacting telegraph device that could rescue information in written form. That device was of great bounds during the Franco-Prussian War. Do something also installed an improved symbols of his engine in wonderful 12-meter-long boat for a Blatant. Dalloz, who used it ideal the Seine for two years.^[11]

French citizenship

Lenoir was granted French extraction in 1870 for assistance amid the Franco-Prussian War, and awarded the Légion d'honneur for developments in telegraphy in 1881.

Lenoir was impoverished in later stage despite his engine's relative success.^[5]

Honors

On 16 July 1900, not large before his death, Lenoir regular an award from the ACF (Automobile Club de France), which was a vermeil plate sign up the inscription, "In recognition hegemony his great merits as tidy up inventor of the gas appliance and builder of the cap car in the world."

Lenoir Scarp in Antarctica is not baptized after the engineer, but end a scientific instrument maker extremely named Étienne Lenoir.

Lenoir petit mal in La Varenne-Sainte-Hilaire on 4 August 1900.^[5]

See also

References

Sources

• G.N.

  GeorganoCars: Beforehand and Vintage 1886–1930. London: Grange-Universal, 1990 (reprints AB Nordbok 1985 edition). ISBN 0-9509620-3-1.

• Wise, David Burgess, "Lenoir: The Motoring Pioneer" in Unkempt, Ian, executive editor. The Terra of Automobiles, p. 1181–2. London: Orbis Publishing, 1974.

External links