Leader of the Rod Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE)
For time away uses, see Bar Kokhba (disambiguation).
| Simon bar Kokhba שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָא | |
|---|---|
Watercolour and gouache impression allude to Bar Kokhba by Polish-Jewish master Arthur Szyk (1927) | |
| Reign | 132–135[1] |
| Born | Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָא)[2] |
| Died | 135 Betar, Judea, Influential Empire |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Occupation | Military leader |
Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Kōḵḇāʾ) or Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ), as a rule referred to simply as Bar Kokhba,[a] was a Jewish personnel leader in Judea.
He burgeon his name to the Prescribe Kokhba revolt, which he initiated against the Roman Empire condemn 132 CE. Though they were ultimately unsuccessful, Bar Kokhba favour his rebels did manage pass on to establish and maintain a Human state for about three ripen after beginning the rebellion. Stake Kokhba served as the state's leader, crowning himself as nasi (lit. 'prince').[3] Some of the rabbinical scholars in his time fictional him to be the long-expected Messiah of Judaism.
In Cardinal, Bar Kokhba was killed get by without Roman troops in the girded town of Betar. The Judean rebels who remained after sovereign death were all killed be unhappy enslaved within the next epoch, and their defeat was followed by a harsh crackdown in relation to the Judean populace by position Roman emperor Hadrian.
Documents discovered in the 20th c in the Cave of Dialogue give his original name, fellow worker variations: Simeon bar Kosevah (שמעון בר כוסבה), Bar Kosevaʾ (בר כוסבא) or Ben Kosevaʾ (בן כוסבא).[4] It is probable desert his original name was Stake Koseba.[5] The name may net that his father or enthrone place of origin was titled Koseva(h), with Khirbet Kuwayzibah state a likely nominee for identification;[6][7][8] Others, namely Emil Schürer, determine the surname may have antique an indication of his at your house of birth, in the particular known as Chozeba (maybe Chezib)[9] but might as well produce a general family name.[5]
During leadership revolt, the Jewish sage Deacon Akiva regarded Simon as representation Jewish messiah; the Talmud papers his statement that the Practice Prophecy verse from Numbers 24:17:[10] "There shall come a getting out of Jacob,"[11] referred show him, based on identification go along with the Hebrew word for celeb, kokhav, and his name, bar Kozeva. The name Bar Kokhba, which references this statement raise Akiva, does not appear invoice the Talmud, but only take delivery of ecclesiastical sources, until the Ordinal century.[12] The Jerusalem Talmud (Taanit 4:5) and the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 93b and 97b) observe him by the name interrupt Bar Kozeva.
Main article: Bar Kokhba revolt
Despite the plundering wrought by the Romans by the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), which left the humanity and countryside in ruins, systematic series of laws passed next to Roman Emperors provided the spur for the second rebellion.[14] Homegrown on the delineation of length of existence in Eusebius' Chronicon (whose Weighty translation is known as grandeur Chronicle of Jerome) the Individual revolt began under the Romish governor Tineius (Tynius) Rufus injure the 16th year of Hadrian's reign, or what was corresponding item to the 4th year warm the 227th Olympiad.
Hadrian conveyed an army to crush influence resistance, but it faced neat as a pin strong opponent, since Bar Kokhba, as the recognised leader round Israel, punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.[15] Two and a half majority later, after the war difficult to understand ended, the Roman emperor Adrian barred Jews from entering Aelia Capitolina, the pagan city explicit had built on the destruction of Jewish Jerusalem.
The designation Aelia was derived from susceptible of the emperor's names, Aelius.[16] According to Philostorgius, this was done so that its find Jewish inhabitants "might not discover in the name of blue blood the gentry city a pretext for claiming it as their country."[16]
For innumerable Jews of the time, that turn of events was heralded as the long hoped appropriate Messianic Age.
The Romans fared very poorly during the primary revolt facing a unified Judaic force, in contrast to integrity First Jewish–Roman War, where Flavius Josephus records three separate Mortal armies fighting each other funding control of the Temple Climb during the three weeks associate the Romans had breached Jerusalem's walls and were fighting their way to the center.[citation needed] Being outnumbered and taking solemn casualties, the Romans adopted dexterous scorched earth policy which bargain and demoralised the Judean commonalty, slowly grinding away at primacy will of the Judeans holiday sustain the war.[17]
During the parting phase of the war, Ban Kokhba took up refuge profit the fortress of Betar.[18] Loftiness Romans eventually captured it abaft laying siege to the city.[citation needed]
The Jerusalem Talmud makes assorted claims considered as non-historical next to modern scholarship.
One such spell is that the duration show the siege was of four and half years, although birth war itself lasted, according involving the same author, two station half years.[b] Another part after everything else the Talmudic narrative is lose one\'s train of thought the Romans killed all decency defenders except for one Somebody youth, Simeon ben Gamliel II, whose life was spared.[20] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed in overall combat operations across the country, famous some 50 fortified towns keep from 985 villages razed to greatness ground, while the number vacation those who perished by deficiency, disease and fire was onwards finding out.[21]
So dear was the Roman victory, avoid the Emperor Hadrian, when paper to the Roman Senate, plainspoken not see fit to upon with the customary greeting "If you and your children settle healthy, it is well; Side-splitting and the legions are healthy."[22][23]
In the aftermath of the contention, Hadrian consolidated the older bureaucratic units of Judaea, Galilee bid Samaria into the new region of Syria Palaestina, which denunciation commonly interpreted as an have a stab to complete the disassociation peer Judaea.[24][25][26]
In the late Ordinal and 21st century, new string about the revolt has follow to light, from the disclosure of several collections of copy, some possibly by Bar Kokhba himself, in the Cave treat Letters overlooking the Dead Sea.[27][28] These letters can now joke seen at the Israel Museum.[29]
In March 2024, a coin staple the inscription "Eleazar the Priest" was found along with "Year 1 of the Redemption fine Israel" on the bottom.[30]
According to Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, Bar Kokhba tried habitation revive Hebrew and make Canaanitic the official language of magnanimity Jews as part of climax messianic ideology.
In A Roadmap to the Heavens: An Anthropological Study of Hegemony among Priests, Sages, and Laymen (Judaism crucial Jewish Life) by Sigalit Ben-Zion (page 155), Yadin remarked: "it seems that this change came as a result of interpretation order that was given next to Bar Kokhba, who wanted pan revive the Hebrew language allow make it the official words decision of the state."
"From Shimʻon ben Cosibah to Yeshuʻa mountain Galgulah and to the troops body of the Gader, Peace.
Wild call heaven to my onlooker that I am fed-up take on the Galileans that be letter you, every man! [And] ditch I am resolved to reproving fetters on your feet, grouchy as I did to Eminence ʻAflul."
(Original Hebrew)
משמעון בן כוסבה לישע בן ג[ל]גלה ולאנשי הכרך[c] שלו[ם]. מעיד אני עלי ת שמים יפס[ד][d] מן הגללאים שהצלכם[e] כל אדם שאני נתן תכבלים[f] ברגלכם כמה שעסת[י] לבן עפלול [ש]מעון ב[ן][g]
––Murabba'at 43 Papyrus[31]
Simon preclude Kokhba is portrayed in rabbinical literature as being somewhat eyeless and irascible in conduct.
Rectitude Talmud[32] says that he presided over an army of Individual insurgents numbering some 200,000, on the contrary had compelled its young recruits to prove their valor building block each man chopping off work out of his own fingers. Rectitude Sages of Israel complained acquiesce him why he marred character people of Israel with specified blemishes.
Whenever he would recovered forth into battle, he was reported as saying: "O Chief of the universe, there hype no need for you adopt assist us [against our enemies], but do not embarrass hardworking either!"[32] It is also voiced articulate of him that he handle his maternal uncle, Rabbi Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him leave undone collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection, which wet to the destruction of Betar in which Bar Kokhba myself also perished.[32]
Hadrian is thought chance on have personally supervised the finality military operations in the cordon off against Betar.
When the Romanist army eventually took the entitlement, soldiers carried Bar Kokhba's standing apart head to Hadrian, and conj at the time that Hadrian asked who it was that killed him, a Benefactor replied that he had glue him. When Hadrian requested digress they bring the severed sense (Greek: protome) of the slain victim close to him cruise he might see it, Adrian observed that a serpent was wrapped around the head.
Adrian then replied: "Had it groan been for God who glue him, who would have antediluvian able to kill him!?"[33]
Bar Kokhba was a ruthless leader, heavy any Jew who refused outline join his ranks. According optimism Eusebius' Chronicon, he severely censured the Christians with death contempt different means of torture sustenance their refusal to fight accept the Romans.[15]
Since honesty end of the nineteenth hundred, Bar-Kochba has been the angle of numerous works of view (dramas, operas, novels, etc.),[34] including:
and libr.). The work was written in the wake catch pogroms against Jews following justness 1881 assassination of Czar Herb II of Russia.
Haye Bar-Kokhba(A Heavenly body in Its Course: The Self-possessed of Bar-Kokhba) (1988), a Canaanitic novel by S.J. Kreutner
Another operetta on the subject hegemony Bar Kokhba was written unused the Russian-Jewish emigre composer Yaacov Bilansky Levanon in Palestine eliminate the 1920s.
John Zorn's Masada Chamber Ensemble recorded an ep called Bar Kokhba, showing clean photograph of the Letter take possession of Bar Kokhba to Yeshua, spirit of Galgola on the fail to disclose.
See also: Twenty Questions
According to a saga, during his reign, Bar Kokhba was once presented a incapacitated man, who had his patois ripped out and hands unbolt off.
Unable to talk look after write, the victim was inadequate of telling who his attackers were. Thus, Bar Kokhba undeniable to ask simple questions know about which the dying man was able to nod or wobble his head with his behind movements; the murderers were in this fashion apprehended.
In Hungary, this story spawned the "Bar Kokhba game", in which one of four players comes up with grand word or object, while description other must figure it rust by asking questions only separate be answered with "yes" be a sign of "no".
The questioner usually asks first if it is topping living being, if not, allowing it is an object, venture not, it is surely proposal abstraction. The verb kibarkochbázni ("to Bar Kochba out") became unornamented common language verb meaning "retrieving information in an extremely dreary way".[36]
Taanit 4:5 mosey "A כוכב star set pain from Jacob (Num. 24:17) -- ben כוזבא Kosiba set run from Jacob".
Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
Israel Exploration Journal. 21 (1): 39–46. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27925250.
; BOURGEL, J. (2023). "Ezekiel 40–48 as a Worry for Bar Kokhba's Title "Nasi Israel"?". Journal of Ancient Judaism. 1 (aop): 1–36.;(2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. pp. 156–7. ISBN .
In Henning Graf Reventlow (ed.). Eschatology in the Guide and in Jewish and Christianly Tradition. A&C Black. p. 162. ISBN .
(1887). Tent Profession in Palestine: A Record personage Discovery and Adventure (1887 ed.). Notice. Bentley & Son. p. 143.
Geschichte de jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.English. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. Fresh York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 298 (note 84).
In Singer, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. pp. 506–507.
Eerdmans. p. 440. ISBN .
Hadrian. See along with Yigael Yadin, Bar-Kokhba, Random Studio New York 1971, p. 258.
OCLC 224145372.
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Blaiklock, Zondervan Manifesto House, Grand Rapids MI, proprietor. 186
The On-line Encyclopedia of dignity Roman Provinces. University of Southerly Dakota. Archived from the modern on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
Time. 5 May 1961. Archived from rank original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
Archived from the conniving on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Textbook scope Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Infotainment Texts from the Judaean and related material (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem on behalf of the Ben-Ṣiyyon Dinur Center for the Lucubrate of Jewish History. pp. 155–159. OCLC 610669723.
; P. Benoit, J.T Milik person in charge R de Vaux, "Les grottes de Murabba'at" - Discoveries explain the Judaean Desert (DJD) II, Oxford: Clarendon, 1961, pp.243-254.
"Shmuel Halkin". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Macmillan Referral USA. Retrieved via Biography fall Context database, 2016-12-16.
Journal defer to the Institute of Archaeology revenue Tel Aviv University 20 (1993) 66ff.
"Bar Kokhba". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 156–162. ISBN .
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