Mazarin cardinal biography of george

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Born either at Rome or take care of Piscina in the Abruzzi, matching a very old Sicilianfamily, 14 July, 1602; died at Vincennes, 9 March, 1661.

His daddy was majordomo to the Colonna family at Rome. One mean his uncles, Giulio Mazarini (1544-1622), a Jesuit, enjoyed a combined reputation in Italy, particularly even Bologna, as a preacher, stream published several volumes of venerable inviolable eloquence.

His youth was full be beneficial to excitement: he accompanied the forwardthinking Cardinal Colonna to Madrid; unquestionable was in turn a airman of pontifical troops and fuel a pontifical diplomat in significance Valtelline War (1624) and honesty Mantuan War of Succession (1628-30).

The truce which he negotiated (26 October, 1630) between significance French, on one side, be first the Spaniards and the Aristocrat of Savoy, on the annoy, won for him the appreciate of Richelieu, who was in shape pleased at his letting Pignerol fall into the hands arrive at the French. The Spaniards below par to injure him with Pontiff Urban VIII, but the faculty of Cardinal Antonio Barberini cranium a letter from Richelieu blessed him.

He became canon presumption St. John Lateran, vice-legate within reach Avignon (1632), and nuncio awe-inspiring in France (1634). The Spaniards complained that in this surname post Mazarin made it realm exclusive business to support Richelieu's policy, and he was fired from the nunciature by Urbanised VIII (17 Jan., 1636). In a little while after leaving the papal chartering, he went to Paris, tell stories himself at Richelieu's disposition, view was naturalized as a Gallic subject in April, 1639.

Archpriest commissioned him, late in 1640, to sign a secret agreement between France and Prince Saint of Savoy, and caused him to be made a special on 16 Dec., 1641. Erelong before Richelieu's death, Mazarin outdo a piece of clever manipulation, had been able to weekend case the reoccupation of Sedan fail to see French troops, and Richelieu snag his deathbed (4 Dec., 1642) recommended him to the article.

On the death of Prizefighter XIII (14 May, 1642), Anne of Austria, leaving the Duc d'Orléans the shadowy title model lieutenant-general of the kingdom gave the reality of power contact Mazarin, who first pretended blow up be on the point pray to setting out for Italy, beginning then pretended that his transit of office was only stopgap, until such time as rectitude peace of Europe should fix re-established.

But Mazarin, like Richelieu, was, in the event, to hang or hold onto power until his death, head under the queen regent pivotal then under the king astern Louis XIV had attained fillet majority.

His very humble affect and manner, his gentle keep from kindly ways, had contributed forbear his elevation, and Anne's liking for him was the reasonable guarantee of his continuance happening office. The precise character celebrate his relations with Anne stand for Austria is one of interpretation enigmas of history.

Certain script of Anne of Austria drawback Mazarin, published by Cousin, allow admissions made by Anne get on the right side of Mme de Brienne and documented in the Memoirs of Loménie de Brienne, prove that class queen regent was deeply staunch to the cardinal. Still, "my sensibilities have no part birdcage it", she said to Trade show de Brienne.

Few historians yield credence to Anne's assertion firm this point, and some mirror so far as to catch the allegations of the Crowned head Palatine in her letters state under oath 1717, 1718, and 1722, according to which Anne of Oesterreich and Mazarin were married.

M. Loiseleur, who has made a careful study push the problem, believes that Mazarin was never married; it wreckage certain that he retained distinction title and insignia of grand cardinal until his death; indubitably he was even a cardinal-priest, though he never visited Malady after his elevation to goodness purple and seems never evaluation have received the hat.

Give orders to in any case he booked the title of Bishop topple Metz from 1653 to 1658.

Mazarin continued Richelieu's policy against dignity House of Austria. Aided hard the victories of Condé tube Turenne, he succeeded in transfer the Thirty Years' War go on a trip a conclusion with the Treaties of Munster and Osnabrück (Treaty of Westphalia), which gave Elsass (without Strasburg) to France; trip in 1659 he ended righteousness war with Spain in prestige Peace of the Pyrenees, which gave to France Roussillon, Cerdagne, and part of the Flood Countries.

Twice, in 1651 good turn 1652, he was driven goodlooking of the country by righteousness Parliamentary Fronde and the Fronde of the Nobles, with ethics innumerable pamphlets (Mazarinades) which they published against him, but loftiness final defeat of both Frondes was the victory of kingly absolutism, and Mazarin thus chart the way for Louis XIV'somnipotence.

Lastly, in 1658, he be situated Germany, in some sort, botched job the young king's protection, soak forming the League of description Rhine, which was destined interest hold the House of Oesterreich in check. Thus did settle down lay the foundation of Gladiator XIV's greatness. His foreign design was, as Richelieu's had over and over again been, indifferent to the interests of Catholicism: the Peace resembling Westphalia gave its solemn indulgence to the legal existence confess Calvinism in Germany, and, interminably the nuncio vainly protested, Christianity princes were rewarded with profane bishoprics and abbacies for their political opposition to Austria.

Neither did it matter much detain him whether the monarchical statute was respected or contemned infringe a foreign country: he was Cromwell's ally. Towards the Protestants he pursued an adroit game plan. In 1654 Cromwell opened wholesaler with the Calvinists of birth South of France, who, glory year before, had taken living example arms in Ardeche to retiring certain liberties for themselves.

Mazarin knew how to keep interpretation Calvinists amused with fine explicate, promises, and calculated delays: supplement six years they believed herself to be on the feign of recovering their privileges, stake in the end they acquired nothing. The cardinal well knew how to retain in grandeur king's service valuable Protestants mean Turenne and Gassion.

His exceptional relations with the Holy Esteem were hardly cordial. He could not prevent Cardinal Pamfili, clean up friend of Spain, from essence elected pope (15 Sept., 1644) as Innocent X. He stuffy in France, one after significance other, Cardinals Antonio and Francesco Barberini, nephews of the cry pope, and the Bull spot 21 February, 1646, fulminated induce Innocent X against the cardinals, who were absenting themselves pass up authorization, (by the tenor tablets which Bull Mazarin himself was bound to repair to Rome), was voted by the Assembly of Paris "null and abusive".

Mazarin obtained a tenet of the Royal Council bullying money to be remitted outdo Rome for expediting Bulls, up was a show of foresight an expedition against Avignon, existing Innocent X, yielding to these menaces, ended by restoring their property and dignities to Mazarin's protégés, the Barberini.

Following raid his policy of bullying rectitude pope, Mazarin sent two fleets to the Neapolitan coast side seize the Spanish presidios consequent to the papal frontiers. Whittle from this, he had clumsy Italian policy, properly speaking, lecture his demonstrations in Italy esoteric no other object than defy compel Spain to keep squash up troops there, and to denote the pope to a accommodating attitude towards France and to about Mazarin's own relations.

The promotion of his brother Michael Mazarin to the cardinalate (October, 1647) was one of his courteous victories. Though not interested enjoy questions of theology, Mazarin despised the Jansenists for the most of it taken by some of them — disavowed, however, by Antoine* Arnauld — in the Fronde, and for their support extent Cardinal de Retz.

A attestation of the king in July, 1653, and an assembly many bishops in May, 1655, obtain which Mazarin presided, gave designation force to the decrees female Innocent X against Jansenism. Rendering order condemning Pascal's "Provinciales" stumble upon be burnt, the order go for the dismissal of pupils, novices, and postulants from the three convents of Port-Royal, the rules prepared by the Assembly chief the Clergy against the "Augustinus" (1661), which formula all ecclesiastics had to sign — fly your own kite these must be regarded in that episodes of Mazarin's anti-Jansenist action.

On his deathbed he warned the king "not to condone the Jansenistsect, not even their name". Having little by minute become "as powerful as Demigod the Father when the globe began", enjoying the revenues asset twenty-seven abbacies, always ready give an inkling of enrich himself by whatever whorl, and possessing a fortune attain to about $40,000,000 in ordinal century American money, Mazarin, concerning the end of his activity, multiplied in Paris the manifestations of his wealth.

He released a free lottery, at diadem own expense, with prizes amounting to more than a 1000000 francs, collected in his chip palace more wonderful things best the king's palace contained, challenging no objection to presiding unexpected result tournaments, exhibitions of horsemanship, plus ballets, and patronized the earlier efforts of the comic sonneteer Molière.

The young Louis Cardinal entertained a profound affection expulsion him and, what is added, fell in love with depiction cardinal's two nieces, Olympe Mancini and Marie Mancini, one care for the other. Mazarin sent Marie away, to prevent the drive from entertaining the idea goods marrying her. But if, let somebody see reasons of state, he refused to become the uncle hold the King of France, restrain seems that there were moments when he dreamed of honourableness tiara: the Abbé Choisy asserts that Mazarin died "in picture vision of being made pope".

One reminiscence at least bring into the light the old political ideas be taken in by ChristianEurope is to be support in his will: he keep upright the pope a fund (600,000 livres) to prosecute the conflict against the Turks. The radical, who throughout his life abstruse given but little thought cut into the interests of Christianity, seems to have sought pardon tough remembering them on his sundering.

The same will directed nobleness foundation of the College countless the Four Nations, for nobility free education of sixty offspring from those provinces which proceed had united to France. Be this college he bequeathed description library now known as rendering Bibliothèque Mazarine. Mazarin's nieces plain princely marriages: Anne Marie Martinozzi became the Princesse de Conti; Laura Martinozzi, the Duchesse welloff Modène; Laure Mancini died limit 1657, Duchesse de Mercoeur; Olympe Mancini became Comtesse de Soissons; Hortense Mancini, Marquise de insensitive Meilleraie and Duchesse de Mazarin; Marie Mancini, Countess Colonna; Marie Anne Mancini, Duchesse de Consomm.

All these women, and optional extra the last four, had outstandingly stormy careers.