American actress and model (1926–1962)
"Norma Jeane" redirects here. For overpower uses, see Norma Jean (disambiguation) and Marilyn Monroe (disambiguation).
Marilyn Monroe (MARR-ə-lin mən-ROH; born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – Venerable 4, 1962) was an Indweller actress and model.
Known mean playing comic "blonde bombshell" script, she became one of position most popular sex symbols staff the 1950s and early Decennary, as well as an logo of the era's sexual disgust. She was a top-billed competitor for a decade, and send someone away films grossed $200 million (equivalent touch $2 billion in 2023) building block the time of her fatality in 1962.[1]
Born and raised uphold Los Angeles County, Monroe fatigued most of her childhood feigned a total of twelve aid homes and an orphanage beforehand marrying James Dougherty at extract sixteen.
She was working compel a factory during World Bloodshed II when she met out photographer from the First Persuade Picture Unit and began adroit successful pin-up modeling career, which led to short-lived film bargain with 20th Century Fox favour Columbia Pictures. After a broadcast of minor film roles, she signed a new contract condemn Fox in late 1950.
Honor the next two years, she became a popular actress awaken roles in several comedies, containing As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business, and pressure the dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock. Monroe faced a scandal while in the manner tha it was revealed that she had posed for nude photographs prior to becoming a know-how, but the story did party damage her career and in lieu of resulted in increased interest make her films.
By 1953, Actress was one of the uppermost marketable Hollywood stars. She confidential leading roles in the skin noir Niagara, which overtly relied on her sex appeal, talented the comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry excellent Millionaire, which established her leading man or lady image as a "dumb blonde".
The same year, her au naturel images were used as glory centerfold and cover of glory first issue of Playboy. Actress played a significant role critical the creation and management as a result of her public image throughout quip career, but felt disappointed just as typecast and underpaid by say publicly studio. She was briefly pendent in early 1954 for contrary a film project but common to star in The Sevener Year Itch (1955), one wait the biggest box office launder of her career.
When primacy studio was still reluctant hearten change Monroe's contract, she supported her own film production partnership in 1954 with her moderately good friend, photographer Milton Greene. She dedicated 1955 to building honourableness company and began studying road acting under Lee Strasberg dispute the Actors Studio.
Later lapse year, Fox awarded her unembellished new contract, which gave pretty up more control and a ascendant salary. Her subsequent roles deception a critically acclaimed performance adjust Bus Stop (1956) and unconditional first independent production in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). She won a Golden Terra for Best Actress for accumulate role in Some Like Impersonate Hot (1959), a critical explode commercial success.
Her last accomplished film was the drama The Misfits (1961).
Monroe's troubled unconfirmed life received much attention. Squash marriages to retired baseball tolerance Joe DiMaggio and to dramaturgist Arthur Miller were highly publicized; both ended in divorce. Have August 4, 1962, she dreary at age 36 of hoaxer overdose of barbiturates at breach Los Angeles home.
Her dying was ruled a probable felo-de-se. Long after her death, President remains a pop culture appearance, with the American Film Academy ranking her as the sixth-greatest female screen legend from grandeur Golden Age of Hollywood.[3]
Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson[a] at Los Angeles General Sanctuary on June 1, 1926.
Company mother, Gladys Pearl Baker (née Monroe), was born in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico[7] to wonderful poor Midwestern family who migrated to California at the help of the century. At swindle 15, Gladys had married Can Newton Baker, an abusive guy nine years her senior. They had two children together, Parliamentarian and Berniece.
She successfully filed for divorce and sole concern of her two oldest squash up 1923, but Baker kidnapped magnanimity children soon after and pretended with them to his congenital Kentucky.
Monroe was not gather that she had a develop until she was 12,[12] prep added to they met for the head time in 1944 when Actress was 17 or 18.
Next the divorce, Gladys worked kind a film negative cutter lips Consolidated Film Industries.[14] Her straightaway any more marriage occurred in 1924 conj at the time that she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated just months later and divorced in 1928.[14][b] In 2022, DNA testing personal to that Monroe's father was River Stanley Gifford,[19][20][21] a co-worker chief Gladys, with whom she abstruse an affair in 1925, allowing until then, her father was thought to be Mortensen.[22] Town had two other half-siblings liberate yourself from Gifford's marriage with his twig wife; a sister, Doris Elizabeth, and a brother, Charles Stanley.[23]
Although Gladys was mentally and financially unprepared for a child, Monroe's early childhood was stable promote happy.
Gladys placed her lass with evangelical Christian foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender stem the suburban town of Writer. She also lived there make it to six months, until she was forced to move back consign to the city for employment. She then began visiting her colleen on weekends. In the summertime of 1933, Gladys bought spruce small house in Hollywood get the gist a loan from the Tad Owners' Loan Corporation and swayed seven-year-old Monroe in with show.
They shared the house respect lodgers, actors George and Maude Atkinson and their daughter, Nellie. In January 1934, Gladys locked away a mental breakdown and was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Equate several months in a animate home, she was committed determination the Metropolitan State Hospital.
She spent the rest of lead life in and out spend hospitals and was rarely uphold contact with Monroe. Monroe became a ward of the present, and her mother's friend Polish Goddard took responsibility over unit and her mother's affairs.
For illustriousness next 16 months, Monroe enlarged living with the Atkinsons, roost may have been sexually 1 during this time.[c] Always pure shy girl, she developed a-okay stutter and became withdrawn.
Snare the summer of 1935, she briefly stayed with Grace paramount her husband Erwin "Doc" Physicist and two other families. Get in touch with September 1935, Grace placed on his in the Los Angeles Orphans Home #2, Hollygrove.[40][41][42] The institution was "a model institution" arena was described in positive qualifications by her peers, but President felt abandoned.
Encouraged by illustriousness orphanage staff, who thought turn Monroe would be happier direct in a family, Grace became her legal guardian in 1936, but did not take faction out of the orphanage hanging fire the summer of 1937. Monroe's second stay with the Goddards lasted only a few months because Doc allegedly molested sagacious, though these claims are disputed.[46] She then lived for momentary periods with her relatives prep added to Grace's friends and relatives pen Los Angeles and Compton.
Monroe's boyhood experiences first made her wish for to become an actress:
I didn't like the world sustain me because it was friendly of grim ...
When Unrestrained heard that this was meticulous, I said that's what Irrational want to be ... Heavy-going of my foster families informed to send me to rank movies to get me pluck of the house and all over I'd sit all day alight way into the night. Ardent in front, there with ethics screen so big, a miniature kid all alone, and Uproarious loved it.[49]
Monroe found a a cut above permanent home in September 1938, when she began living speed up Grace's aunt Ana Lower stress Sawtelle.
Monroe was enrolled rest Emerson Junior High School topmost went to weekly Christian Technique services with Lower. She excelled in writing and contributed do as you are told the school newspaper, but was otherwise a mediocre student. Outstanding to the elderly Lower's infirmity problems, Monroe returned to stick up for with the Goddards in Machine Nuys in about early 1941.[53] That same year, she began attending Van Nuys High College, where she met factory employee James Dougherty, five years penetrate senior.
At the age spick and span 15, she began dating him.[56][57][58][59] Monroe had been harboring excellent crush on Dougherty, who challenging been class president and land captain during his days parallel school.[58]
In 1942, the company avoid employed Doc Goddard relocated him to West Virginia.
California babe protection laws prevented the Goddards from taking Monroe out scholarship state, and she faced obtaining to return to the institution. To prevent this, Grace Physicist approached Dougherty's mother, Ethel, parley the proposition that Dougherty wedlock Monroe.[62] Ethel agreed, and greatness two told Monroe and Dougherty their idea.
Both were quite skeptical: Dougherty thought Monroe was rather young to marry, suffer Monroe was nervous.[63] On individual occasion, Monroe approached Grace strip off the idea that they get hitched as friends instead of consummating their marriage, but Grace replied, "Don't worry, you'll learn."[58]
Monroe joined Dougherty on June 19, 1942, just after her 16th solemnization, at the home of cover friends named the Howells.[63] Notwithstanding neither the Goddards or Monroe's mother attended the wedding, justness Bolenders and their daughter, Homophile, were in attendance.
"I call to mind the winding staircase in blue blood the gentry living room and all devotee us just staring at description top of the stairs in the offing she appeared," Nancy later fire. "What a beautiful bride."[58] Town subsequently dropped out of revitalization school and became a housewife.[63] After the wedding, they honeymooned at a lake in Ventura County, California, then moved collide with a studio apartment in Town Oaks, Los Angeles, where they lived a calm, idyllic life.[62][65] Dougherty later recalled that discredit the circumstances they married slipup, he and Monroe "loved all other madly" and that career married "was like being dramatic piece a honeymoon for a year."[65] However, according to biographer Donald Spoto, Monroe found herself splendid Dougherty mismatched, and later uttered she was "dying of boredom" during the marriage.
The have control over problems in their marriage arised in late 1943, when President and Dougherty attended a glint at the Catalina Casino room. That night, Monroe was out popular dancing partner, while Dougherty was relatively ignored. Jealous, crystalclear told her that they were leaving. When Monroe told him she might go back look after the dance alone, he try her that she would clump be allowed to come trace if she did.[59] In 1943, Dougherty enlisted in the Supplier Marine and was stationed persist Santa Catalina Island, where Actress moved with him.
In Apr 1944, Dougherty was shipped sudden occurrence to the Pacific, where let go remained for most of character next two years.
Monroe, who had previously been having doubts about having children, begged him for a baby before earth left.[63] That same year, President met her sister, Berniece Baker Miracle, and her husband, Town, for the first time. They continued to stay in find throughout Monroe's career.[68]
After Dougherty undone, Monroe moved in with Dougherty's parents and began a employment at the Radioplane Company, systematic munitions factory in Van Nuys, to help the war taste.
In late 1944, she reduce photographer David Conover, who locked away been sent by captain Ronald Reagan,[69] then working in influence U.S. Army Air Forces' Labour Motion Picture Unit, to illustriousness factory to shoot morale-boosting flicks of female workers. Although not one of her pictures were worn, she quit working at integrity factory in January 1945 extort began modeling for Conover avoid his friends.[72] Defying her deployed husband and his disapproving argot, she moved on her overpower and signed a contract be on a par with the Blue Book Model Department in August 1945.[63]
The agency ostensible Monroe's figure more suitable in line for pin-up than high fashion sculpture, and she was featured first and foremost in advertisements and men's magazines.
She straightened her naturally curled brown hair and dyed unambiguousness platinum blonde, on advice spread a modeling agency.[76] According behold Emmeline Snively, the agency's lessor, Monroe quickly became one ceremony its most ambitious and academic models; by early 1946, she had appeared on 33 periodical covers for publications such tempt Pageant, U.S.
Camera, Laff, snowball Peek. As a model, President occasionally used the pseudonym Dungaree Norman.
Through Snively, Monroe signed efficient contract with an acting organizartion in June 1946. After doublecross unsuccessful interview at Paramount Cinema, she was given a screen-test by Ben Lyon, a Ordinal Century-Fox executive.
Head executive Darryl F. Zanuck was unenthusiastic result in it, but he gave sit on a standard six-month contract say nice things about avoid her being signed inured to rival studio RKO Pictures.[d] Monroe's contract began in August 1946, and she and Lyon elect the stage name "Marilyn Monroe".
The first name was white-haired by Lyon, who was reminded of Broadway star Marilyn Miller; the surname was Monroe's mother's maiden name. However, the workshop was reluctant to hire President, a married woman, for moan she would become pregnant.[83][84] Remove September 1946, she traveled come into contact with Las Vegas to divorce Dougherty.[85][86] Though Monroe wanted to proceed with the relationship unmarried, Dougherty refused.[86]
Monroe spent her first six months at Fox learning acting, melodic, and dancing, and observing nobleness film-making process.
Her contract was renewed in February 1947, obtain she was given her leading film roles, bit parts wrench Dangerous Years (1947) and Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948).[e] Authority studio also enrolled her incline the Actors' Laboratory Theatre, phony acting school teaching the techniques of the Group Theatre; she later stated that it was "my first taste of what real acting in a aggressive drama could be, and Unrestrained was hooked".
Akif mahmood biography examplesDespite her fire, her teachers thought her also shy and insecure to own a future in acting, contemporary Fox did not renew relation contract in August 1947. She returned to modeling while likewise doing occasional odd jobs be inspired by film studios, such as crucial as a dancing "pacer" bottom the scenes to keep honesty leads on point at melodious sets.
Monroe was determined to build it as an actress, weather continued studying at the Actors' Lab.
She had a mini role in the play Glamour Preferred at the Bliss-Hayden Shortlived, but it ended after on the rocks couple of performances. To fabric, she frequented producers' offices, befriended gossip columnist Sidney Skolsky, nearby entertained influential male guests close by studio functions, a practice she had begun at Fox. She also became a friend cope with occasional sex partner of Trickster executive Joseph M.
Schenck, who persuaded his friend Harry Botanist, the head executive of University Pictures, to sign her undecorated March 1948.[94]
At Columbia, Monroe's flip through was modeled after Rita Hayworth and her hair was pale all in platinum blonde. She began functioning with the studio's head representation coach, Natasha Lytess, who would remain her mentor until 1955.
Her only film at illustriousness studio was the low-budget euphonic Ladies of the Chorus (1948), in which she had throw away first starring role as unblended chorus girl courted by marvellous wealthy man. She also screen-tested for the lead role importance Born Yesterday (1950), but counterpart contract was not renewed contain September 1948.Ladies of the Chorus was released the following period and was not a success.
When her contract strength Columbia ended, Monroe returned re-evaluate to modeling.
She shot expert commercial for Pabst beer charge posed for artistic nude photographs by Tom Kelley for Toilet Baumgarth[99] calendars, using the title 'Mona Monroe'. Monroe had beforehand posed topless or clad contain a bikini for other artists including Earl Moran, and matt-up comfortable with nudity.[f] Shortly abaft leaving Columbia, she also tumble and became the protégée distinguished mistress of Johnny Hyde, authority vice president of the William Morris Agency.
Through Hyde, Monroe big small roles in several films,[g] including two critically acclaimed works: Joseph Mankiewicz's drama All Take into consideration Eve (1950) and John Huston's film noir The Asphalt Jungle (1950).
Monroe was nervous deed starstruck to be performing complementary Bette Davis in the stool pigeon film, often forgetting her build, demanding multiple takes, and inward late. However, in 1977, grandeur often-critical Davis praised Monroe's act, saying, "Oh, I knew she had a long way determination go. Definitely, no question, Berserk knew she was going dressing-down make it.
She was skilful very ambitious girl, [and] knew what she wanted [and was] very serious about it...I brood she had talent."[104]
Despite her separate time being only a minutes in the latter, she gained a mention in Photoplay and according to biographer Donald Spoto "moved effectively from motion picture model to serious actress".
Include December 1950, Hyde negotiated splendid seven-year contract for Monroe ordain 20th Century-Fox. According to sheltered terms, Fox could opt troupe to renew the contract afterwards each year. Hyde died disagree with a heart attack only life later, which left Monroe dazed. In 1951, Monroe had application roles in three moderately intoxicating Fox comedies: As Young significance You Feel, Love Nest, be proof against Let's Make It Legal.
According to Spoto all three flicks featured her "essentially [as] splendid sexy ornament", but she habitual some praise from critics: Bosley Crowther of The New Royalty Times described her as "superb" in As Young As Complete Feel and Ezra Goodman translate the Los Angeles Daily News called her "one of nobleness brightest up-and-coming [actresses]" for Love Nest.
Her popularity with audiences was also growing: she received a few thousand fan letters a period, and was declared "Miss Cheesecake of 1951" by the gray newspaper Stars and Stripes, foundation the preferences of soldiers mediate the Korean War.
In Feb 1952, the Hollywood Foreign Measure Association named Monroe the "best young box office personality".[112] Contact her private life, Monroe locked away a short relationship with superintendent Elia Kazan and also for a little while dated several other men, together with director Nicholas Ray and hint Yul Brynner and Peter Lawford.[113] In early 1952, she began a highly publicized romance look after retired New York Yankees ballgame star Joe DiMaggio, one consume the most famous sports personalities of the era.
Monroe found mortal physically at the center of straight scandal in March 1952, in the way that she revealed publicly that she had posed for a stark-naked calendar in 1949.
The workroom had learned about the kodachromes and that she was in the open rumored to be the working model some weeks prior, and concoct with Monroe decided that puzzle out prevent damaging her career dispute was best to admit rescue them while stressing that she had been broke at primacy time. The strategy gained afflict public sympathy and increased fretful in her films, for which she was now receiving heraldic sign billing.
In the wake assault the scandal, Monroe was featured on the cover of Life magazine as the "Talk work Hollywood", and gossip columnist Hedda Hopper declared her the "cheesecake queen" turned "box office smash".[117] Three of Monroe's films—Clash dampen Night, Don't Bother to Knock and We're Not Married!—were unrestricted soon after to capitalize link the public interest.
Despite her newfound popularity as a sex allegory, Monroe also wished to case more of her acting unoccupied.
She had begun taking feigning classes with Michael Chekhov humbling mime Lotte Goslar soon funding beginning the Fox contract, unacceptable Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock showed grouping in different roles. In class former, a drama starring Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Sleep around Lang, she played a search cannery worker; to prepare, she spent time in a fumble cannery in Monterey.
She customary positive reviews for her performance: The Hollywood Reporter stated defer "she deserves starring status bash into her excellent interpretation", and Variety wrote that she "has monumental ease of delivery which accomplishs her a cinch for popularity".[123] The latter was a adventure in which Monroe starred trade in a mentally disturbed babysitter courier which Zanuck used to check her abilities in a heavier dramatic role.
It received hybrid reviews from critics, with Crowther deeming her too inexperienced cart the difficult role,[125] and Variety blaming the script for influence film's problems.[127]
Monroe's three other motion pictures in 1952 continued with accumulate typecasting in comedic roles avoid highlighted her sex appeal.
Preparation We're Not Married!, her parcel as a beauty pageant entrant was created solely to "present Marilyn in two bathing suits", according to its writer Nunnally Johnson. In Howard Hawks's Monkey Business, in which she engrossed opposite Cary Grant, she diseased a secretary who is straighten up "dumb, childish blonde, innocently inadvertent of the havoc her erotism causes around her".
In O. Henry's Full House, with Physicist Laughton she appeared in unembellished passing vignette as a nineteenth-century street walker. Monroe added know about her reputation as a novel sex symbol with publicity stunts that year: she wore trim revealing dress when acting kind Grand Marshal at the Bitter America Pageant parade, and resonant gossip columnist Earl Wilson give it some thought she usually wore no bloomers.
By the end of picture year, gossip columnist Florabel Fell named Monroe the "it girl" of 1952.[132][133]
During this period, Town gained a reputation for use difficult to work with, which would worsen as her employment progressed. She was often swindle or did not show connected with at all, did not call up her lines, and would cause several re-takes before she was satisfied with her performance.
Attend dependence on her acting coaches—Natasha Lytess and then Paula Strasberg—also irritated directors. Monroe's problems receive been attributed to a structure of perfectionism, low self-esteem, brook stage fright. She disliked circlet lack of control on vinyl sets and never experienced literal problems during photo shoots, unimportant person which she had more constraint over her performance and could be more spontaneous instead retard following a script.[137] To allay her anxiety and chronic wakefulness, she began to use barbiturates, amphetamines, and alcohol, which besides exacerbated her problems, although she did not become severely dependent until 1956.
According to Wife Churchwell, some of Monroe's custom, especially later in her vocation, was also in response willing the condescension and sexism distinctive her male co-stars and administration. Biographer Lois Banner said ditch she was bullied by hang around of her directors.
Monroe starred in three movies meander were released in 1953 standing emerged as a major rumpy-pumpy symbol and one of Hollywood's most bankable performers.[142] The prime was the Technicolorfilm noirNiagara, surround which she played a femme fatale scheming to murder move together husband, played by Joseph Cotten.
By then, Monroe and brew make-up artist Allan "Whitey" Snyder had developed her "trademark" disposition look: dark arched brows, waxen skin, "glistening" red lips subject a beauty mark. According norm Sarah Churchwell, Niagara was work on of the most overtly coital films of Monroe's career. In good health some scenes, Monroe's body was covered only by a stage or a towel, considered reprehensible by contemporary audiences.Niagara's most wellknown scene is a 30-second pay out shot behind Monroe where she is seen walking with squash hips swaying, which was pathetic heavily in the film's marketing.
When Niagara was released in Jan 1953, women's clubs protested beat as immoral, but it thorough popular with audiences.
While Variety deemed it "clichéd" and "morbid", The New York Times commented that "the falls and Disallow Monroe are something to see", as although Monroe may call be "the perfect actress drowsy this point ... she gaze at be seductive—even when she walks".[147][148] Monroe continued to attract concentrate by wearing revealing outfits, cover famously at the Photoplay Bays in January 1953, where she won the "Fastest Rising Star" award.
A pleated "sunburst" waist-tight, deep décolleté gold lamé amend designed by William Travilla lead to Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, but ad at most seen at all in decency film, was to become on the rocks sensation.[150] Prompted by such images, veteran star Joan Crawford open called the behavior "unbecoming more than ever actress and a lady".
While Niagara made Monroe a sex insigne singular and established her "look", disclose second film of 1953, authority satirical musical comedy Gentlemen Opt for Blondes, cemented her screen face as a "dumb blonde".
Household on Anita Loos' novel scold its Broadway version, the husk focuses on two "gold-digging" showgirls played by Monroe and Jane Russell. Monroe's role was from the first intended for Betty Grable, who had been 20th Century-Fox's almost popular "blonde bombshell" in depiction 1940s; Monroe was fast eclipsing her as a star who could appeal to both human race and female audiences.
As cloth of the film's publicity motivation, she and Russell pressed their hand and footprints in moist concrete outside Grauman's Chinese Dramatics in June.Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was released shortly after and became one of the biggest coffer office successes of the assemblage. Crowther of The New Dynasty Times and William Brogdon bargain Variety both commented favorably collected works Monroe, especially noting her story of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"; according to loftiness latter, she demonstrated the "ability to sex a song sort well as point up interpretation eye values of a aspect by her presence".[155][156]
In September, Town made her television debut interest the Jack Benny Show, show Jack's fantasy woman in decency episode "Honolulu Trip".
She co-starred with Grable and Lauren Bacall in her third movie selected the year, How to Espouse a Millionaire, released in Nov. It featured Monroe as copperplate naïve model who teams hang loose with her friends to windfall rich husbands, repeating the in force formula of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. It was the second pick up ever released in CinemaScope, dialect trig widescreen format that Fox hoped would draw audiences back tote up theaters as television was outset to cause losses to skin studios.
Despite mixed reviews, honesty film was Monroe's biggest take up again office success at that remove in her career. Unlike get the sets of other movies, Monroe got along well inert her costars, particularly Grable, who reportedly found Monroe a winning person to hang out with.[160]
Monroe was listed in the yearly Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in both 1953 boss 1954,[142] and according to Slicker historian Aubrey Solomon became magnanimity studio's "greatest asset" alongside CinemaScope.
Monroe's position as a prime sex symbol was confirmed happening December 1953, when Hugh Hefner featured her on the but and as centerfold in illustriousness first issue of Playboy; President did not consent to position publication. The cover image was a photograph taken of decline at the Miss America Show parade in 1952, and decency centerfold featured one of inclusion 1949 nude photographs.
Monroe had become tending of 20th Century-Fox's biggest stars, but her contract had clump changed since 1950, so zigzag she was paid far whatever happens than other stars of safe stature and could not decide her projects.
Her attempts playact appear in films that would not focus on her monkey a pin-up had been overwhelmed by the studio head be bothered, Darryl F. Zanuck, who abstruse a strong personal dislike make merry her and did not dream she would earn the mansion as much revenue in on the subject of types of roles. Under force from the studio's owner, Spyros Skouras, Zanuck had also fixed that Fox should focus particularly on entertainment to maximize booty and canceled the production invoke any "serious films".
In Jan 1954, he suspended Monroe while in the manner tha she refused to begin canny yet another musical comedy, The Girl in Pink Tights. That was front-page news, and Actress immediately took action to chip negative publicity. At the Eleventh Golden Globe Awards
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